Journal of Interior Design and Academy (INda) is a double-blind peer-reviewed, scientific and open-access e-journal. The language of the journal is Turkish or English. There is no evaluation and application fee for the articles submitted to the journal and it is published twice a year (July and December). Articles must not have been previously published or submitted for publication. There is no any article submission or processing charges in the journal. Attention Authors: Within the framework of the Ethical principles and responsibilities presented in the title of Publication Ethics, the authors must comply with the section. First submitted articles are checked for plagiarism with iThenticate® (Plagiarism Detection Software) or Turnitin program. If the articles are higher than 20% excluding references, they are sent back to the author for correction. In accordance with the articles on ethical rules, "In studies requiring the approval of the ethics committee, information about the permission to obtain the necessary permissions should be included in the article". Accordingly, it should be stated in the article whether the permission of the ethics committee and/or legal/special permission is required in the articles to be published. e-ISSN: 2791-7436 Editor in Chief: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şebnem ERTAŞ BEŞİR
Analysis of Learning Style Differences Through Pedagogical Structures in Interior Architecture Education
Interior architecture studio education provides a common learning environment for all students; however, this environment may not function equally effectively for everyone. Studio teaching largely continues within a framework inherited from the traditional atelier model, implicitly assuming that students learn in similar ways. Yet the literature consistently demonstrates significant differences in students' learning approaches. This study argues that such disparities reflect not individual shortcomings but a structural dimension of instructional design that can be improved. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Kolb, Schön, Biggs and Tang, and Tomlinson, the study analyzes the studio task system, feedback system, and assessment system within the context of interior architecture education. Bringing these four frameworks into dialogue offers an integrated perspective for instructional design. The study reveals that current studio teaching may support certain learning approaches while rendering others invisible, a pattern that calls for critical reconsideration from an instructional design standpoint.
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Playgrounds and Interactive Space Design Supporting Child Development
Play evokes different emotions across all age groups and, for children, functions not only as entertainment but as a fundamental tool supporting physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development. However, in many game and toy fairs, children’s participation remains limited and users are often positioned as passive observers. This study examines existing game and toy fairs in terms of child participation, spatial configuration, and user experience, and proposes an interactive fair stand design that enables children to actively participate. The research adopts qualitative methods based on document analysis and literature review, evaluating selected fairs in Türkiye and abroad through the child–space–play relationship. Based on the findings, a stand model is developed that removes rigid boundaries, incorporates fluid play areas, and allows children to explore, interact, and engage in creative processes. The study offers a child-centered spatial design approach emphasizing experience and participation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Interior Design and Academy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Formal and Semantic Analysis of Gümüşhane Zilli Rug Motifs
Throughout history, societies have imbued their craft products with symbolic meanings through motifs, both as a means of expressing their cultural identities and as a way of transmitting them to future generations. This study examines the Zilli Kilim, a geographically indicated and regionally distinctive textile produced in the Kelkit, within the broader framework kilim culture. Building upon the formal and semantic classification of motifs commonly found weaving traditions, the research aims to interpret this singular example within the general context of Anatolian textile heritage rather than in isolation. The findings indicate that, semantically, the Zilli Kilim sustains the fundamental characteristics of the Anatolian weaving tradition, while formally it reflects distinctive symbolic interpretations derived from the beliefs and lifestyles specific to the region. By revealing the cultural meaning-making process embedded in Zilli Kilim motifs within the weaving tradition, this study seeks to contribute to the preservation and documentation of local identity.
History and Gastronomy in Azerbaijan: The Shirvanshahs Museum Restaurant Interior Experience
This study analyzes how Azerbaijan's historical development, architectural evolution, and food culture have shaped its cultural identity. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the architectural stratification of Baku, the cultural significance of Azerbaijani cuisine, and the unity of history, gastronomy, and interior experience through the example of the Shirvanshahs Museum Restaurant. It also aims to explain the role played by gastronomic continuity, and interior space experiences in bringing Azerbaijan's cultural heritage to the present day from an interdisciplinary perspective. A qualitative research approach adopted in the study, and a literature review method was used to reveal historical development. The interior evaluation of the Shirvanshahs Museum Restaurant was carried out based on the analysis of spatial characteristics, aesthetic elements, and cultural experience components. All these data aim to reveal the multi-layered structure of Azerbaijan's cultural identity within the triangle of interior design, and gastronomy from a holistic perspective.
Evaluating Biomaterials in Furniture Design Through Sustainability
The present study examines the use of biomaterials in furniture design, focusing on innovative material applications within the framework of sustainability and circular economy principles. The subject of the research encompasses the integration of biomaterials such as mycelium, sawdust-based biocomposites, and bioplastics into design practices and evaluates their potential in terms of industrial scalability, reuse, and recyclability. The aim of the study is to reveal how biomaterials are utilized in furniture design, to analyze their environmental impacts and their relation to the Sustainable Development Goals, and to generate guiding insights for future design processes. The significance of the research lies in the fact that, considering the high raw material consumption and environmental impacts of the furniture industry, biomaterials present ecologically responsible, innovative, and applicable alternatives. The findings demonstrate that biomaterials hold the potential to reduce environmental impacts in furniture design while fostering innovative design languages and production methods.
A Systematic Review of Experience Processes in Spatial Material Experience Studies
Material is one of the most important factors that determines the identity of a designed product or space. Material experience influences both design and user perception through user interaction. The aim of this study is to examine publications focusing on spatial material experience, revealing the methods applied in this field, the types of materials used, sensory approaches, and evaluation methods. In this study, conducted using qualitative research methods, 30 publications in the relevant literature were analyzed in detail. The results of the analysis revealed that the most frequently preferred material type in the studies was wood, the presentation form was spatial applications, the sensory experience was visual, the measurement method was descriptive testing, and the content evaluation was perceptual evaluation. Based on these findings, a framework is proposed that will contribute to the field for researchers, designers, and practitioners working on spatial material experience.
Utopia in Architecture: Mobility in Conceptual Designs of the 21st Century
Architectural literature often associates utopia with fixed forms, yet 21st-century ecological and demographic crises problematize permanence. This article examines conceptual designs within the context of mobility, investigating how they redefine it as a spatial solution for global challenges. Adopting a qualitative research approach, the study explores mobile settlements located underground, on the sea, in the sky, and in outer space. Through selected case studies, the impact of technological integration on life cycles, the flexibility potential of modularity, and the relationship between design and environmental context are comparatively analyzed. Findings indicate these designs focus heavily on sustainability, modularity, and technological integration. The proposed models offer solution-oriented approaches to contemporary issues like the climate crisis, resource depletion, and population growth. Consequently, mobility emerges as a vital functional spatial solution, offering valuable insights for future architectural projects.
Space Design in Digital Games within the Perspective of Interior Architecture
Space design in digital games is a critical element that directly affects the atmosphere, story and player experience. This study aims to analyze space design in digital games from an interior architecture perspective. The research examines how the perception of space is shaped in virtual worlds, how interior architecture principles are applied to digital games, and how these designs affect the player experience. The study covers the theoretical foundations, practical examples and future potential of space design in digital games. Space design shapes players' emotional responses, behavior and engagement with the game world. While there are many similarities between physical and virtual spaces, an important difference is that virtual spaces can be designed independently of the constraints of the physical world. In conclusion; Space design in digital games has a realistic, functional and impressive relationship with the principles of interior architecture.
artificial intelligence (AI) technologies
Analysis of Small Housing in Turkey and Globally Based on Population Density
Population density, which affects people's housing needs, has increased in many countries, become a global problem. It is believed that small housing can be solution to the housing problem caused by population density. The study addressed population density, small housing, and user needs, and analyzed the interiors of small housing through examples. The study aimed to analyze the interiors of small housing, investigate the effects of practices considered as solutions to population density on user comfort. The qualitative research utilized publications obtained through documentary review. Examples of small housing produced in different countries with high population density were identified using maximum variation sampling and area sampling methods, and spatial analyses were conducted through comparisons. Comfortable interiors designed to meet individual needs can make small housing more popular with users. The study concluded that the housing problem caused by population density in metropolitan cities can be solved through user-oriented small housing.
Colour Analysis of Restaurant Interiors within Spatial Distance Perception: Japan And Turkey
Colours are not only aesthetic in interior design, but also a powerful design tool that shapes psychological and spatial perception. In this direction, the perception of distance created by the colours used in the spaces is directly related to the temperature, tone and contrast properties of the colours. This study comparatively examines the effect of colours on the perception of spatial distance in restaurant spaces with different cultures and service concepts. Four examples of “fastfood” and “casual dining” type restaurants selected from Turkey and Japan were analyzed. The study, which was conducted with qualitative analysis and comparative analysis method, interpreted how the use of colour affects the perception of space as narrow, wide, close or far. The findings show that cultural and functional differences shape colour preferences in restaurant space design. The research contributes to designers and the academic field by emphasizing the conscious use of colour in space design.
Containers as a New Way of Life Through Student Projects
Scientific studies on the use of shipping containers in architecture consist of the structural framework of the containers, their prefabricated modular features according to the architectural plan and engineering design. This study, which aims to draw attention to the container architecture, which is an innovative example of today's and future design, includes proposal projects that show how differently the shell and interior can be shaped according to need and function. A group of students were asked to design a container that could sustain living and sales functions together within the scope of the project course. All students completed their designs within the framework of their own user identities, using a container of the same type and size. Four different designs emerged in line with the goals, and these projects were analyzed within the scope of the study.
The Relationship between Spatial Appropriation and Work Motivation in Office Interiors
This study aims to analyze the relationship between spatial appropriation and work motivation in office interiors and the factors influencing this relationship. In this context, the research is structured around two key research questions. A quantitative research method was employed, and the cross-sectional model was adopted to address these questions. The study population consists of academics working at 44 foundation universities in Istanbul during the 2024-2025 academic year, while the sample comprises 35 full-time faculty members from the Faculty of Architecture and Design at Istanbul Gedik University. A 56-item questionnaire developed by the researchers was utilized in the study. Data collected for this study were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. The findings reveal that spatial appropriation plays a significant role in work motivation. Particularly, the adequacy of personal space, the ability to choose one’s workspace, and a sense of belonging emerge as key influencing factors in job satisfaction and productivity.
Bergama Cultural Center Wayfinding Design Project
Wayfinding design is an interdisciplinary design approach. Depending on architectural qualities, this approach focuses on spatial user experience, including product design, graphic design, and digital design. This study presents the wayfinding design developed by Başak Atalay Design Studio under the author's consultancy for the Bergama Cultural Center project designed by Emre Arolat Architects. In this context, the methodology, design process, and outputs of the wayfinding design are examined and the contribution of the wayfinding scenario to the historical environment and the project is analyzed. The main purpose of the qualitative study is to academically examine the project belonging to the Aegean region, which has cultural value and contributes to the city's memory.
Reviving Lost Cultural Heritage with Metaverse and Digital Technologies
Many cultural heritage structures have been lost due to natural disasters, wars, and human interventions, leaving profound gaps in humanity's collective memory. However, technological advancements have made it possible to digitally reconstruct these structures. Supported by virtual and augmented reality technologies, the metaverse provides a powerful platform for the reconstruction of lost cultural heritage. Metaverse-based simulations digitally recreate structures that once existed but are no longer physically present, offering users the opportunity to explore these spaces virtually. This process contributes to the preservation of architectural, artistic, and historical contexts, aligning with the mission of international organizations like UNESCO to safeguard cultural heritage. The aim of this study is to examine the contributions of metaverse-based historical building simulations to the preservation, sustainability, and educational role of cultural heritage. Additionally, it analyzes the technologies used in this process and their potential for overcoming challenges in faithfully reconstructing lost heritage within digital environments.
Integration of Artificial Intelligence Into Project Courses in Interior Architecture Education
With the developing technology, various artificial intelligence applications have started to be used by interior architects. The aim of this study is to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the use of artificial intelligence in project courses, which have an important place in interior architecture education, and to discover artificial intelligence software that provides more support to the student in the variety of programs. As the primary method of the research; Literature review was conducted with the general survey model, which is one of the qualitative research methods. As the second method; A semi-structured interview was conducted with nineteen volunteer students from senior interior architecture students in order to collect the findings including project applications. As a result of the study; educational technologies that are evolving day by day; that it contributes to both the literature and interior architecture education on the developments in the field of interior architecture education.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Interior Design and Academy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This study explores the development of ergonomic lecture hall furniture at Kumasi Technical University, Ghana, using a user-centered approach. By analyzing the anthropometric data of 300 students (176 males; 124 females), researchers identified severe mismatches between current furniture and actual body dimensions. Key findings revealed that existing setups are largely unsuitable: approximately 64% of students used chairs of incorrect height, over 50% used seats with improper depth, and 100% used tables that were too high. Such discrepancies lead to physical discomfort, reduced focus, and potential long-term health issues. To address these gaps, the study utilized percentile-based design equations to calculate dimensions that accommodate a diverse student population. The results underscore the necessity of integrating human body measurements into furniture design. By closing the gap between user needs and classroom infrastructure, institutions can foster a more inclusive, healthy, and productive learning environment.
An Example Assessment of Noise Control in Educational Buildings
Educational buildings are areas where students engage in listening, understanding, and learning activities. Noise hinders students' concentration and learning. The "Regulation on Protection Against Noise in Buildings" currently in force in Turkey aims to prevent acoustic disadvantages through oversight. Under specific classifications, limit values have been established, necessitating compliance with certain conditions. This study addresses noise control to ensure healthy education in classrooms, evaluating whether existing classrooms meet the necessary acoustic conditions by referencing the applicable regulation. Measurements of external noise and background noise were conducted and assessed using an acoustic simulation program compliant with the calculation method outlined in the regulation. The results revealed the current acoustic performance of classrooms, indicating that those exposed to heavy traffic noise exhibited insufficient structural resistance to external noise, resulting in background noise levels falling short of desired values. Improvements to the building envelope were recommended.
The Reflection of Minimalism on Cinematic Spaces and a Yasujiro Ozu Film Tokyo Story
The minimalism movement emerged in the 1960s in America and emphasized simplicity and unadorned expression in art. In cinema, minimalism minimizes the use of cinematic devices to focus on realism. Notable figures include Yasujiro Ozu and Robert Bresson. Ozu's films, such as Tokyo Story, prioritize clarity and simplicity, inviting deep thought. The use of spaces filled with mundane elements of everyday life and a simple color palette enhances the sense of reality and reflects the inner worlds of the characters. Emphasizing real life and human relationships, minimalist cinema avoids artificial structures and brings viewers closer to emotional experiences. This study examines Ozu's minimalist approach to cinematic language and spatial design.
Adaptation and Effect of Virtual Reality Application on Interior Architecture Profession
Digital design projects and the advancement of technology affect the field of interior architecture as it affects all design fields. The error rates of the projects presented with traditional methods and customer satisfaction have decreased. With the advancement of technology, designers looking for different presentation styles and practical solutions have entered new searches. Virtual reality has started to be used in the field of interior architecture as it is used in health, entertainment and many similar fields. For this reason, it is seen that virtual reality is used in project presentations in architecture, interior architecture and other fields to make the design qualified and gain speed. This article focuses on the benefits of virtual reality technology in design processes. Problems such as the inability to express the design directly and the inability to achieve the expected physical results are minimized thanks to virtual reality. The project aims to increase customer satisfaction and save time and cost by experiencing elements such as color, proportion, texture and material control in a virtual environment. Virtual reality allows visualization of the design, helping users to better understand the project and identify potential problems at an early stage.
The Role of the Seating Element in Social Status
Seating furniture, an indispensable part and necessity of a space, has evolved in design throughout history as lifestyles, expectations, and aesthetic preferences of people have changed. The designs of seating furniture have adapted to this evolution, reflecting users' differences as a reflection of societal diversity and acceptance. This subject is important both in terms of the observed role of seating furniture and in determining the position of individuals in their social interactions. Seating furniture, like a mirror, reflects the social statuses, preferences, cultural backgrounds, and even emotional states of individuals. From traditional designs to modern and contemporary ones, seating furniture is one of the significant and defining elements in a space for determining status and personalization. Throughout the known history of furniture, seating furniture has stood out as a status-defining piece of furniture, supporting the user's status and personalization. This article investigates the pursuit of individual status and personalized furniture through seating furniture.
Copyright (c) 2024 INda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Importance of Interior Design Perception on Michelin Restaurants
The aim of this study is to examine relationship between social behavior patterns and spatial fiction. It is generally about examining the relationship between space and behavior through restaurants, which are a specific physical location. Especially design typologies of Michelin restaurants examined; spatial arrangement and spatial fiction of Michelin restaurants selected in Turkey revealed. By identifying behavioral patterns within Michelin restaurants, some inferences about the relationship between physical space and behavior attempted. Although there are many criteria for restaurants classification, especially Michelin restaurants that are recognized worldwide included. Examples of Michelin star restaurants in Istanbul, which has a fascinating history with its unique location connecting two continents that have accompanied many cultures, given and design criteria of these places examined. Literature studies have been carried out on Michelin Guide, which has a significant impact in gastronomy world. Following the literature review, Michelin star restaurants discussed and evaluated for architectural design.
An Investigation of Houses Related to Water Through Interior Space and Environment
Living spaces change and develop depending on many factors such as the requirements of the age, people's wishes and needs, traditions, environmental- regional factors, climate changes, natural disasters. Depending on these factors, mobile houses and water related housese are housing types that are sensitive to the environment and support sustainable living. The aim of this study is to provide information on the functions, environmental relations and interior features of waterrelated housing. Two samples with strong and distinct environmental-interior relations were selected for further investigation. Document analysis was used as the research method. As a result of the study, the adaptation, sensitivity and energy efficiency of water-related houses with their environment come to the fore in their designs. In addition, these environmentally friendly buildings are sustainable thanks to the natural energy they produce from natural resources. It was concluded that the preference of water-related houses has positive contributions for both human health and the environment.
Evolving Office Interior Design: Next-Generation Offices
Offices are undergoing transformation to adapt to changing work culture and habits. New generation offices offer spaces that accommodate flexible working conditions. There are multi-purpose rooms that can be used for different purposes by employees. Elements like ergonomic furniture, lighting, and ventilation support the health and well-being of employees. Equipped with modern technologies, new generation offices enhance collaboration and facilitate communication. Open-plan designs and shared spaces promote interaction among employees, while common work areas support creativity and collaboration, also strengthening team spirit. New generation offices have undergone significant transformation in line with the evolution of work culture and practices. These offices are meticulously designed to increase employee productivity, promote collaboration, and support employee well-being.
Modular Approach in Housing Design: Relocatable Living Units and Sustainable Solutions
After the Second World War, the standardization of housing needs led the field of architecture to embrace modular design. This system’s flexibility, where each component is interchangeable, upgradeable, or reconfigurable, allows for easy customization and adaptation to various needs. Modular design offers sustainable solutions for housing centers, ecological villages, and temporary shelters against natural disasters. This study introduces the project "Creating Relocatable/Modular Living Units with Sustainable Building Techniques," part of the TÜBİTAK-2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program. The project aims to provide relocatable and usable living units globally, focusing on ergonomic, comfortable, and practical usage. Furthermore, the project’s results could be disseminated through journal articles and national/international conference presentations, serving as valuable resources for graduate students’ thesis topics.
Analyzing the Concept of Spatial Transformation through the Example of Selimiye Bath
Baths are places that have survived to the present day as proof of cleanliness throughout history. The impact of the baths seen in civilizations has diminished with the use of bathrooms in houses, and has been transformed by losing its spatial function with urbanization. In this direction, the article examines the development of baths in terms of wet spaces with a chronological classification and analyzes the sections of Selimiye Bath, an Ottoman bath, before spatial transformation (undressing, warmth, warmth, ashtray) and after spatial transformation (food and beverage space) with on-site observation method. With the visual data obtained with this method, for the place that started to serve under the name Nevmekan Selimiye after the spatial transformation; historical texture, material, color, etc. It can be said that it is a successful spatial transformation study by functioning with functions related to the space without breaking its atmosphere with elements such as.
Creation of the Sketching Phase in Architectural Design with Artificial Intelligence
Architectural design starts with sketching. Sketching is the fastest method that allows raw ideas in the mind to be revealed and matured. As the times change, architectural needs and architectural techniques have changed. Sketch production also kept pace with these changes in the period. With the start of the computer-aided design process, a virtual drawing environment has been created. The new phase of this change is artificial intelligence supported design applications. In this article, its creation with artificial intelligence at the sketching stage will be discussed. Sample images were produced using Midjourney and Stable Diffusion. It is aimed to give designers an idea about the new era of the sketching phase with sample studies.
New Museology Approaches in Cultural Heritage Centers
Museums and historical buildings are currently being evaluated for different functions to transfer the social heritage created by the social and cultural values they carry to new generations such as Tofaş Anatolian Cars Museum and Umurbey Bath in Bursa. The museum dedicated to the narration of cultural heritage, presents toy car collections and other periodic toys to visitors in the Carousel exhibition within the historical bath structure as an exhibition space in the new museology concept. The research presents the processes and results of an edutainment project in line with the objectives by examining the exhibition organized by Mido Architecture, Trio Design, and the design studio partnered by the author. To put forth the validity of the study, the research emphasizes the edutainment design process of an architectural user experience concept from an interdisciplinary perspective centered on cultural heritage.
The Effect of Student Quotas on Design Education in Interior Architecture Departments
Interior architecture education is a comprehensive field that encompasses design, creativity, and various educational subjects such as art, project management, furniture design, and building knowledge. Due to its multidimensional nature, it has become one of the most popular departments in universities. However, the lack of awareness about the scope and limitations of interior architecture education, coupled with students not meeting the required qualifications, has resulted in a significant increase in the student population in these departments. In this study, the impact of this excessive enrollment on the quality of education in interior architecture departments is analyzed. By examining the literature on interior architecture education, it was found that the existing infrastructure, both in terms of technical resources and faculty members, needs to be improved to accommodate the growing student population. The study suggests that a balance should be established between student quotas and the resources available to ensure a high-quality education in interior architecture.
Regional Variables in Color Preferences for Space Design and an Evaluation on Their Priorities
Colors are one of the most important elements that guide us and affect our perceptions in every aspect of our lives. However, these effects vary from person to person and there are some parameters that cause this. The more accurately these parameters are taken into account, the more successful the effect desired to be created with colors on users will be. When it comes to space design, one of the crucial role affects to perception of color belongs to regional variables. While regional variables differ, the affect of a color on the user is changing a lot. In this study, the criteria under the heading of regional variables of the color selection criteria classification model created as a result of examining the studies on color selection criteria in the literature were examined. After this review, a group of interior architecture students and architects were given informational training on the effects of regional variables criteria on color selection and were asked to evaluate the priorities of the criteria among themselves. As a result of their evaluations, the priority rankings of regional variables are presented in this study to guide designers.
Copyright (c) 2023 INda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Historical Development of Accommodation Places in Anatolia
Anatolian lands, where settled life continues uninterrupted, have hosted many civilizations. These civilizations produced and developed architectural practice according to their lifestyles in the regions where they settled. Communities, which were initially engaged in agriculture with a settled order and collective lifestyle, first started to build their shelter and then their civilization, establishing their cities. Roads, infrastructure services, public, religious and military buildings began to be built for the population settled in cities, and in addition to agricultural activities, production and consumption styles specific to cities began to emerge. Going from one place to another is an action that humanity learned and experienced in ancient times and continues until today. This action, which initially started for commercial purposes, diversified with migrations, education, visits to religious centers, conquest movements and the formation of awareness of discovery, and was moved to another dimension with the industrial revolution. In order for this action, which is not only for tourism purposes, to take place, first of all, safe roads connecting the centers and places to accommodate people and living creatures on the move were needed. In this study, traces of accommodation structures in Anatolian lands from the beginning to the present day were traced.